These include molecules and enzymatic regulators involved in the metabolism of glucose, arginine, tryptophan, glutamine, cysteine, lipids, ROS, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (28) ( Figure 2 )
Sinensis seed residue (HRSF) attenuated oxidative stress (e.g., by inhibiting ROS and MDA accumulation and enhancing glutathione levels and SOD activity) and enhanced the expression of tight junction proteins (e.g., occludin and zona occludens 1 (ZO-1)) by modulating the Nrf2-mediated pathway, thereby protecting intestinal barrier integrity ( 3.2 Targeting the core inflammatory signaling hub: NF-B and MAPK pathways The initiation and amplification of inflammation are governed by key signaling pathways, such as NF-B and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) ( 3.2.1 Suppression of pro-inflammatory signaling in skin disorders In skin inflammation, the NF-B and MAPK pathways are activated in keratinocytes and immune cells by various triggers, driving pathologies like PSO and AD ( 3.2.2 Inhibition of signaling pathways in mucosal inflammation In mucosal tissues, such as the intestine, these pathways are often triggered by microbial components ( 3.3 Modulating immune cell responses and cytokine networks Following initial signaling, inflammation is characterized by the recruitment and activation of specific immune cells and the release of cytokines ( 3.3.1 Balancing immune responses in cutaneous inflammation Skin inflammation involves dysregulated crosstalk between various immune cells ( 3.3.2 Regulating mucosal immunity and microbiota crosstalk Mucosal immunity is distinguished by its intimate interaction with the microbiota ( Lactobacillus and Roseburia) and reduced pathobionts (e.g., Mucispirillum and Acinetobacter ) ( Shigella )
Trends Biotechnol 22:411416 Iorio MV, Croce CM (2012) MicroRNA dysregulation in cancer: diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics
The last decade has seen progress in basic and translational immunology that can help us better understand the generation and prevention of ADA to therapeutic proteins and gene therapies
