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In vitro and animal studies have found that lipoic acid exhibits immunomodulatory properties through mechanisms that stimulate the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (90, 91) a central regulator of innate immune functions and inhibits the migration of immune cells into the brain and spinal cord (92), possibly by decreasing endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules, inhibiting expression of enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and/or reducing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (87, 89, 93, 94)

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Fraxin alleviates LPS-induced ARDS by downregulating inflammatory responses and oxidative damages and reducing pulmonary vascular permeability

Indeed, in 23 patients out of a total of 25, 5-MTHF in CSF was low despite normal serum folate treatment with folinic acid for a year restored folate levels and led to clinical improvements