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The intrinsic, or mitochondrial, pathway is activated by honeys polyphenolic components that cause mitochondrial membrane depolarization and activate caspases 3, 7, and 9 ( In vivo studies using Wistar rats in which honey was ingested with Aloe vera showed that these apoptotic effects complement the cell cycle arrest described in Section 4.1 ( The extrinsic, or death receptor-mediated, pathway is also controlled by honey, particularly through its effect on epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT)a key component in tumor invasion and metastasis ( in vitro , with some clinical trials still needed to fine tune dosing and therapeutic effects

Nutrients 15 (20), 4396

Fluoride, provided either topically or in toothpaste, at levels too low to inhibit enolase, integrates into the tooth surface, forming fluoroapatite, which is more resistant to demineralization

Front Immunol (2022) 13:916664