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Most approaches focused on enhancing the supply of energetic substrates, manipulating metabolic fluxes, or optimizing mitochondrial function 16

Science 308 , 13181321 (2005)

Like NAD + , NADP + serves as a cofactor for the rate-limiting step of the pentose-phosphate pathway, which operates in parallel with glycolysis in the cytosol and is responsible for approximately 1020% of glucose utilization [16]

However, ammonia utilization is highly cell-type-specific: MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cells can use ammonia to support proliferation, whereas osteosarcoma and HepG2 cells show limited proliferative responses (Spinelli et al., 2017