penn state e cigarette dependence index The Roswell eND scale: Brief, valid assessment of nicotine adults seeking to discontinue e-cigarette use Using the Penn State Nicotine

Using the Penn State Nicotine Dependence Index (possible range 020), #ecig dependence increased slightly through Week 4 and then declined. At all timepoints, ecig dependence was significantly lower than combustible cigarette dependence. Relations among cigarette dependence, e cigarette dependence, and key dependence criteria among dual users of combustible and e cigarettes. Center for Research on Tobacco and Health College of Medicine Penn State Associations between vaping and daily cigarette consumption among individuals with psychological distress

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