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Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, for example, disrupt mitochondrial integrity by inducing the opening of the mPTP, leading to mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release ( Helicobacter pylori , a gastric pathogen implicated in peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, secretes the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), which localizes to the mitochondrial inner membrane and forms anion-selective channels

Eastman SJ

Additionally, they can incorporate metabolites produced by microbes or clinical traits linked to host health, creating a more comprehensive understanding of the system complexity and microbiome balance

Studies in mice lacking endothelial P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and ICAM-1 demonstrate a reduction in activated microglia in the brain parenchyma, indicating a bidirectional communication of inflammation activation stemming from the endothelium (Atangana et al., 2017)