melanotic pigmentation Atlas Entry Oral Melanotic Macule: Symptoms and

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(2) van der Klaauw A, Keogh J, Henning E, Stephenson C, Trowse VM, Fletcher P, Farooqi S

1 Introduction Ulcerative colitis (UC), a major subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is characterized by chronic, relapsing inflammation of the colorectal mucosa, leading to bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain, which may be life-threatening in severe cases ( The pathogenesis of UC is multifactorial, involving gut microbiota dysbiosis, disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and aberrant immune cell function ( 2 NEUs regulate the intestinal inflammation of UC 2.1 NEU-derived ROS and NETs exacerbate intestinal inflammation NEUs are essential effectors of innate immunity, yet their excessive activation has been implicated in the onset and progression of various autoimmune diseases ( 2 O 2 -induced NE activity and may help preserve epithelial integrity ( Figure 1 )

The decreased communities were associated with mood disorders, volatile fatty acids, cortisol levels, type 2 diabetes, obesity and inflammation 32